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Who won the of the singing competition show, performs on the American Idols Live! Tour in 2012.Reality television is a of that documents purportedly unscripted real-life situations, often starring unknown individuals rather than professional actors. Reality television came to prominence in the late 1990s and the early 2000s with the global successes of the series, and, all of which became global franchises. Reality television shows tend to be interspersed with 'confessionals', short interview segments in which cast members reflect on or provide context for the events being depicted on-screen. Competition-based reality shows typically feature gradual elimination of participants, either by a panel of judges or by the viewership of the show., and traditional are generally not classified as reality television. Some genres of television programming that predate the reality television boom have been retroactively classified as reality television, including shows, talent-search shows, documentary series about ordinary people, high-concept game shows, home improvement shows, and featuring real-life cases.Reality television has since its rise in popularity. Critics argue that reality television shows do not accurately reflect reality, in ways both implicit (participants being placed in artificial situations), and deceptive (misleading editing, participants being coached on behavior, storylines generated ahead of time, scenes being staged).
Some shows have been accused of rigging the favorite or underdog to win. Other criticisms of reality television shows include that they are intended to humiliate or exploit participants; that they make stars out of untalented people unworthy of fame, infamous figures, or both; and that they glamorize vulgarity. Reality TV personalityThere are also fly-on-the-wall-style shows directly involving celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: notable examples include,. In the mid-2000s had an entire block of such shows, known as 'Celebreality'. Shows such as these are often created with the idea of promoting a celebrity product or upcoming project.Subcultures Some documentary-style shows shed light on cultures and lifestyles rarely seen otherwise by most of their viewers.
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One example is shows about or people who have unusual physical circumstances, such as the American series and, and the British programmes, and.Another example is shows that portray the lives of ethnic or religious minorities. Examples include ( ), (affluent ), (polygamists from a splinter group), and (the ), and.The Real Housewives franchise offers a window into the lives of social-striving urban and suburban housewives. Many shows focus on wealth and, including, and, which documented huge celebrations thrown by wealthy parents. Conversely, the highly successful and are set in poorer rural areas of the.Professional activities Some documentary-style shows portray professionals either going about day-to-day business or performing an entire project over the course of a series.
One early example (and the longest running reality show of any genre) is, which has been airing since 1989. Main article:Originally, court shows were all dramatized and staged programs with playing the litigants, witnesses and lawyers. The cases were either reenactments of real-life cases or cases that were fictionalized altogether. Among examples of stage courtroom dramas are, and the first two eras of. Revolutionized the genre by introducing the format in 1981, later adopted by the vast majority of court shows.
The genre experienced a lull in programming after The People's Court was canceled in 1993, but then soared after the emergence of in 1996. This led to the debuts of a slew of other reality court shows, such as, and.Though the litigants are legitimate, the 'judges' in such shows are actually arbitrators, as these pseudo-judges are not actually presiding in a. Typically, however, they are retired judges or at least individuals who have had some legal experience.Courtroom programs are typically shows that air on weekdays.Investments The globally syndicated format shows a group of wealthy investors choosing whether or not to invest in a series of pitched. This was later emulated in the ABC series. The series similarly involves investors, but involves more of a game show element in which restaurant owners compete to prove their worth. The British series offers a twist in which artworks' artistic value, rather than their financial value, is appraised by a panel of judges, who determine whether each one will be featured at an exhibition.Outdoor survival Another subgenre places people in wild and challenging natural settings. This includes such shows as,.
The shows Survivor and combine outdoor survival with a competition format, although in Survivor the competition also involves social dynamics.Self-improvement/makeover Some reality television shows cover a person or group of people improving their lives. Sometimes the same group of people are covered over an entire season (as in and ), but usually there is a new target for improvement in each episode. Despite differences in the content, the format is usually the same: first the show introduces the subjects in their current, less-than-ideal environment. Then the subjects meet with a group of experts, who give the subjects instructions on how to improve things; they offer aid and encouragement along the way. Finally, the subjects are placed back in their environment and they, along with their friends and family and the experts, appraise the changes that have occurred. Other self-improvement or makeover shows include The Biggest Loser, and (which cover weight loss), (entire physical appearance), and (style and grooming), (child-rearing), (life transformation), (relationship building) and and (self-improvement and manners).The concept of self-improvement was taken to its extreme with the British show, in which people who had become hoarders, even living in squalor, were given professional assistance.
The American television series and follow similar premises, presenting interventions in the lives of people who suffer from.In one study, participants who admitted to watching more reality television were more likely to proceed with a desired plastic surgery than those who watched less. Renovation Some shows makeover part or all of a person's living space, workspace, or vehicle. The American series This Old House, which debuted in 1979, features the start-to-finish renovation of different houses through a season; media critic has speculated that it is 'the original reality TV show.' The British show, beginning in 1996 (later remade in the U.S. As ) was the first such renovation show that added a game show feel with different weekly contestants. House renovation shows are a mainstay on the American/Canadian cable channel, whose renovation shows include the successful franchises, and, as well as shows such as,. Non-HGTV shows in this category include and.and show vehicles being rebuilt in a customized way.Business improvement In some shows, one or more experts try to improve a failing small business over the course of each episode.
Examples that cover many types of business include. Shows geared for a specific type of business include and (for restaurants), (for bars) and (for hotels).The show is somewhat a parody of the genre, with host offering ludicrous advice to unsuspecting business owners.Social experiment Another type of reality program is the that produces drama, conflict, and sometimes transformation. British TV series, which began in 2003, and has had many spinoffs in the UK and other countries, is a notable example. In the show, people with different values agree to live by each other's social rules for a brief period of time. Other shows in this category include,. Was a series where people had to learn a new skill and pass themselves off as experts in that skill. Was a controversial 2004 UK series in which contestants competed for how long they could go.
Was a controversial 2006-2010 series that isolated contestants for weeks in pods with limited sleep, food and information while competing in elimination challenges ended by a quit button, causing winners to go on for much longer than needed as a blind gamble to not be the first person to quit.Hidden cameras Another type of reality programming features rolling when random passers-by encounter a staged situation. Candid Camera, which first aired on television in 1948, pioneered the format. Modern variants of this type of production include,. The series and are hidden-camera programs in which the goal is to frighten contestants rather than just befuddle or amuse them. Not all hidden camera shows use strictly staged situations. For example, the syndicated program Cheaters purports to use hidden cameras to record suspected partners, although the authenticity of the show has been questioned, and even refuted by some who have been featured on the series. Once the evidence has been gathered, the accuser confronts the cheating partner with the assistance of the host.
In many special-living documentary programs, hidden cameras are set up all over the residence in order to capture moments missed by the regular camera crew, or intimate bedroom footage.Supernatural and paranormal. Further information:Supernatural and reality shows such as, place participants into frightening situations which ostensibly involve phenomena such as,. In series such as, the stated aim is investigation, and some series like challenge participants to survive the investigation; whereas others such as and use a recurring crew of. In general, the shows follow similar stylized patterns of, surveillance, and hand held camera footage; odd angles; subtitles establishing place and time; desaturated imagery; and non-melodic soundtracks. Noting the trend in reality shows that take the paranormal at face value, culture editor Mike Hale characterized shows as 'pure theater' and compared the genre to or for its formulaic, teasing approach. Hoaxes In hoax reality shows, a is presented to some of the series participants; the rest of the cast may contain actors who are in on the joke.
These shows often served to parody the conventions of the reality television genre. The first such show was the 2003 American series. Other examples are (modeled after The Apprentice), (modeled after ), (modeled after American Idol), (modeled after Big Brother), (which convinced the hoax targets that they were being flown into space), (in which a town was convinced that was filming a movie there) and Reality Hell (which featured a different target and premise every episode). Other hoax shows are not intended for comedic effect and do not include actors.
In some shows, a person of wealth or power has their identity disguised so that they can go among less-privileged people in order to see them in their natural state and judge their worthiness for largesse; the other participants are not told the true nature of the show during filming. Popular examples include (though that show is also intended to let bosses see their business more accurately). Other shows, though not hoax shows per se, have offered misleading information to some cast members in order to add a wrinkle to the competition.
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Examples include and.Reality competition/game shows. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( May 2009) See also:Another subgenre of reality television is ' reality competition', 'reality ', or so-called 'reality game shows,' which follow the format of non-tournament contests. Typically, participants are filmed competing to win a prize, often while living together in a confined environment.
In many cases, participants are removed until only one person or team remains, who is then declared the winner. Usually this is done by eliminating participants one at a time (or sometimes two at a time, as an episodic twist due to the number of contestants involved and the length of a given season), through either or by voting for the most popular to win. Voting is done by the viewing audience, the show's own participants, a panel of judges, or some combination of the three.A well-known example of a reality-competition show is the globally syndicated Big Brother, in which cast members live together in the same house, with participants removed at regular intervals by either the viewing audience or, in the American version, by the participants themselves. There remains disagreement over whether talent-search shows such as the Idol series, the Got Talent series and the Dancing with the Stars series are truly reality television or just newer incarnations of shows such as. Although the shows involve a traditional talent search, the shows follow the reality-competition conventions of removing one or more contestants in every episode, allowing the public to vote on who is removed, and interspersing performances with video clips showing the contestants' 'back stories', their thoughts about the competition, their rehearsals and unguarded behind-the-scenes moments. Additionally, there is a good deal of unscripted interaction shown between contestants and judges. The American have nominated both American Idol and Dancing with the Stars for the Emmy.Game shows like Weakest Link, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and Deal or No Deal, which were popular in the 2000s, also lies in a gray area: like traditional game shows (e.g., ), the action takes place in an enclosed television studio over a short period of time; however, they have higher production values, more dramatic background music, and higher stakes than traditional shows (done either through putting contestants into physical danger or offering large cash prizes).
In addition, there is more interaction between contestants and hosts, and in some cases, they feature reality-style contestant competition or elimination as well. These factors, as well as these shows' rise in global popularity at the same time as the arrival of the reality craze, have led to such shows often being grouped under both the reality television and game show umbrellas. There have been various hybrid reality-competition shows, like the worldwide-syndicated Star Academy, which combines the Big Brother and Idol formats, which combines competition with the self-improvement format, and, which uses the Idol format for products instead of people. Some reality shows that aired mostly during the early 2000s, such as, and, devoted the first part of the season to selecting a winner, and the second part to showing that person or group of people working on a project.Popular variants of the competition-based format include the following:Dating-based competition Dating-based competition shows follow a contestant choosing one out of a group of suitors. Over the course of either a single episode or an entire season, suitors are eliminated until only the contestant and the final suitor remains.
In the early 2000s, this type of reality show dominated the other genres on the major U.S. Examples include The Bachelor, its spin-off, Temptation Island, (a dating show featuring rapper that led directly and indirectly to over 10 spinoffs),. In, contestants were chosen by viewer voting. This is one of the older variants of the format; shows such as that date to the 1960s had similar premises (though each episode was self-contained, and not the serial format of more modern shows).Job search In this category, the competition revolves around a skill that contestants were pre-screened for.
Competitors perform a variety of tasks based on that skill, are judged, and are then kept or removed by a single expert or a panel of experts. The show is usually presented as a job search of some kind, in which the prize for the winner includes a contract to perform that kind of work and an undisclosed salary, although the award can simply be a sum of money and ancillary prizes, like a cover article in a magazine.
The show also features judges who act as counselors, mediators and sometimes mentors to help contestants develop their skills further or perhaps decide their future position in the competition. Popstars, which debuted in 1999, may have been the first such show, while the Idol series has been the longest-running and, for most of its run, the most popular such franchise. The first job-search show which showed dramatically, unscripted situations may have been, which premiered in May 2003. Further information: 'Reality' as misnomer The authenticity of reality television is often called into question by its detractors.
The genre's title of 'reality' is often criticized as being inaccurate because of claims that the genre frequently includes elements such as premeditated scripting (including a practice called '), acting, urgings from behind-the-scenes crew to create specified situations of adversity and drama, and misleading editing. It has often been described as 'scripting without paper'.In many cases, the entire premise of the show is contrived, based around a competition or another unusual situation.
Some shows have been accused of using fakery in order to create more compelling television, such as having premeditated storylines and in some cases feeding participants lines of dialogue, focusing only on participants' most outlandish behavior, and altering events through editing and re-shoots.Shows such as Survivor and Amazing Race that offer a monetary prize are regulated by Federal 'game show' law, 47 U.S. Code § 50947 U.S. Code § 509, and are monitored during the filming by the legal staff and standards and practice staff of the parent network. These shows cannot be manipulated in any way that affects the outcome of the game.Television shows that have been accused of, or admitted to, deception include, the U.S. Version of, and,. Political and cultural impact Reality television's global successes has become, in the view of some analysts, an important political phenomenon.
In some countries, reality-television voting has provided the first opportunity for many citizens to voted in any free and fair wide-scale 'elections'. In addition, the frankness of the settings on some reality shows presents situations that are often taboo in certain conservative cultures, like, which began airing in 2003, and which shows male and female contestants living together. A Pan-Arab version of Big Brother was cancelled in 2004 after less than two weeks on the air after a public outcry and street protests. In 2004 journalist, noting both of these issues, wrote that 'the best hope of little Americas developing in the Middle East could be Arab-produced reality TV'.In 2007, began airing, a show featuring -style voting and elimination, but for the writing and oration of. The show became popular in Arab countries, with around 18 million viewers, partly because it was able to combine the excitement of reality television with a traditional, culturally relevant topic.
In April 2010, however, the show also become a subject of political controversy, when, a 43-year-old female competitor, read out a poem criticizing her country's Muslim clerics. Both critics and the public reacted favorably to Hilal's poetry; she received the highest scores from the judges throughout the competition and came in third place overall.In, in the summer of 2007, coverage of the third season of focused on the breaking down of cultural and socioeconomic barriers as the public rallied around the show's top two contestants.The singing competition (a local imitation of Pop Idol) has similarly been cited for its political and cultural impact. After the finale of the show's 2005 season drew an audience of around 400 million people, and eight million votes, the state-run English-language newspaper ran the front-page headline: 'Is Super Girl a Force for Democracy?' The Chinese government criticized the show, citing both its democratic nature and its excessive vulgarity, or 'worldliness', and in 2006 banned it outright. It was later reintroduced in 2009, before being banned again in 2011. Super Girl has also been criticized by non-government commentators for creating seemingly impossible ideals that may be harmful to Chinese youth.In, reality television shows have surpassed soap operas as the most-watched broadcast programs. One popular program, Jika Aku Menjadi ('If I Were'), follows young, middle-class people as they are temporarily placed into lower-class life, where they learn to appreciate their circumstances back home by experiencing daily life for the less fortunate.
Critics have claimed that this and similar programs in Indonesia reinforce traditionally Western ideals of. However, Eko Nugroho, reality-show producer and president of Dreamlight World Media, insists that these reality shows are not promoting American lifestyles but rather reaching people through their universal desires.Reality television has also received criticism in Britain and the United States for its relationship with and consumerism. Writing in the New York Times in 2012, author Mark Andrejevic characterised the role of reality television in a post-9-11 society as the normalisation of surveillance in participatory monitoring, the 'logic of the emerging surveillance economy', and in the promise of a societal self-image that is contrived.
An paper by Nick Couldry associates reality television with, condemning the ritualised enactment and consumption of what must be legitimised for the society it serves. As a substitute for scripted drama Reality television generally costs less to produce than scripted series. VH1 executive vice president Michael Hirschorn wrote in 2007 that the plots and subject matters on reality television are more authentic and more engaging than in scripted dramas, writing that scripted network television 'remains dominated by variants on the. In which a stock group of characters (ethnically, sexually, and generationally diverse) grapples with endless versions of the same dilemma. The episodes have all the ritual predictability of Japanese theater,' while reality television is 'the liveliest genre on the set right now.
It has engaged hot-button cultural issues – class, sex, race – that respectable television. Rarely touches.' Wrote in 2008 that reality shows like Deadliest Catch and showcase working-class people of the kind that 'used to be routine' on scripted network television, but that became a rarity in the 2000s: 'The better to woo upscale viewers, TV has evicted its mechanics and dockworkers to collect higher rents from yuppies in coffeehouses.' Sound crews work in the background of reality television shows. Instant celebrity Reality television has the potential to turn its participants into national, at least for a short period. This is most notable in talent-search programs such as Idol and The X Factor, which have spawned music stars in many of the countries in which they have aired.
Many other shows, however, have made at least temporary celebrities out of their participants; some participants have then been able to parlay this fame into media and merchandising careers. For example, a contestant on, later became a host on daytime talk show and a correspondent on. Participants of non-talent-search programs who have had subsequent acting careers include, and; though Barrett and Trimbur were already aspiring actresses when they appeared on reality television.
Several cast members of MTV's had lucrative endorsement deals, and in some cases their own product lines, when the show aired and in subsequent years., originally a contestant on Flavor of Love, was eventually given four additional reality series of her own on VH1. In Britain, became famous after appearing on in 2002; she later appeared on other reality programs, wrote a bestselling autobiography and launched a top-selling perfume line. She later received extensive media coverage during her battle with, from which she died in 2009., who gained fame after appearing on several reality television shows, launched the successful brand Skinnygirl Cocktails, and got her own short-lived syndicated talk show,.
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